Formalin fixed, citric acid treated paraffin sections of E16 mouse skeletal muscle. Sections were probed with anti-Atrogin-1 (cat. AP2041), then anti-Rabbit:HRP before detection using DAB. (Images provided by Carl Hobbs and Dr. Pat Doherty at Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London).
Immunocytochemical labeling of MuRF1 in mouse C2C12 cells. The cells were labeled with anti-MuRF1 (cat. MP3401), then detected using appropriate secondary antibody conjugated to Cy3. The antibody was used in the absence (left) or presence (right) of blocking peptide.
Induced in response to myostatin/TGF-β signaling, Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are two important E3 ubiquitin ligases and regulators of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in skeletal muscle
Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are useful molecular biomarkers of skeletal muscle atrophy. Both Atrogin-1 (Fbxo32/MAFbx) and MuRF1 (Trim63) are regulated by the Akt1/FOXO1 signaling pathway, and both ligases have been shown to be upregulated prior to the onset of atrophy in multiple models of muscle wasting, including disuse and cachexia. A loss of FoxO signaling inhibits the ability of muscle fibers to express atrogin-1 or MuRF1 (Gumucio and Mendias, 2013).
Modulating Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression via physical activity or targeting the upstream cytokines and growth factors that regulate their expression has the potential to prevent or reverse muscle atrophy in patients with sarcopenia (Gumucio and Mendias, 2013).
Selected citations:
| MuRF1 (C-terminal region) Publications | ||
| Application: Species | Dilution | Publication |
| ICC: mouse | not listed | Liu, D, et al. 2019. IMB0901 inhibits muscle atrophy induced by cancer cachexia through MSTN signaling pathway. Skeletal muscle. |
| IHC: mouse | 1:1000 | Sakai, H, et al. 2017. Effect of acute treadmill exercise on cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy in the mouse. Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology. |
| IHC: mouse | 1:100 | Zhang, Y, et al. 2017. Chinese Herbal Medicine Baoyuan Jiedu Decoction Inhibited Muscle Atrophy of Cancer Cachexia through Atrogin-l and MuRF-2. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. |
| IHC: rat | not listed | Rusbana, TB, et al. 2020. Supplementation with Fermented Rice Bran Attenuates Muscle Atrophy in a Diabetic Rat Model. Nutrients. |
| WB: human | 1:1000 | Halle, JL, et al. 2021. The Effect of Mechanical Stretch on Myotube Growth Suppression by Colon-26 Tumor-Derived Factors. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology. |
| WB: human | 1:1000 | Oxfeldt, M, et al. 2020. Influence of Fermented Red Clover Extract on Skeletal Muscle in Early Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blinded Cross-Over Study. Nutrients. |
| WB: mouse | 1:1000 | Bilgic, S.N., et al. 2023. EDA2R–NIK signalling promotes muscle atrophy linked to cancer cachexia. Nature. |
| WB: mouse | 1:1000 | Raymond‐Pope, C.J., et al. 2023. Restricted physical activity after volumetric muscle loss alters whole‐body and local muscle metabolism. Journal of Physiology. |
| WB: mouse | not listed | Amitani, H., et al. 2022. Impact of Ninjin'yoeito on frailty and short life in klotho-hypomorphic (kl/kl) mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology. |
| WB: rat | 1:1000 | Kotake, H., et al. 2023. Mechanism for exercise-mediated prevention against muscle wasting on extensor digitorum longus muscle in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats. Journal of Physiological Sciences. |
| WB: rat | 1:1000 | Wang, R., et al. 2022. Resveratrol ameliorates muscle atrophy in chronic kidney disease via the axis of SIRT1/FoxO1. Phytotherapy Research. |
| WB: rat | 1:1000 | Kim, J.H., et al. 2022. Effect of oligonol, a lychee‐derived polyphenol, on skeletal muscle in ovariectomized rats by regulating body composition, protein turnover, and mitochondrial quality …. Food Science and Nutrition. |
| WB: rat | 1:1000 | Yeo, D., et al. 2022. Protective effects of extra virgin olive oil and exercise training on rat skeletal muscle against high-fat diet feeding. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. |
| Atrogin-1 Publications | ||
| Application: Species | Dilution | Publication |
| ICC: mouse | not listed | Liu, D, et al. 2019. IMB0901 inhibits muscle atrophy induced by cancer cachexia through MSTN signaling pathway. Skeletal muscle. |
| IHC: human | not listed | Esposito, P, et al. 2020. Myostatin in the Arterial Wall of Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. |
| IHC: mouse | 1:1000 | Sakai, H, et al. 2017. Effect of acute treadmill exercise on cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy in the mouse. Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology. |
| WB: goat | 1:700 | Kang, J., et al. 2023. Effects on Goat Meat Extracts on α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity, Expression of Bcl-2-Associated X (BAX), p53, and p21 in Cell Line and Expression of …. Food Science of Aninal Resources. |
| WB: human | 1:1000 | Saroul, N., et al. 2023. Conditioned Media from Head and Neck Cancer Cell Lines and Serum Samples from Head and Neck Cancer Patients Drive Catabolic Pathways in Cultured …. Cancers. |
| WB: human | 1:1000 | Brook, M.S., et al. 2022. Declines in muscle protein synthesis account for short‐term muscle disuse atrophy in humans in the absence of increased muscle protein breakdown. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. |
| WB: mouse | not listed | Bilgic, S.N., et al. 2023. EDA2R–NIK signalling promotes muscle atrophy linked to cancer cachexia. Nature. |
| WB: mouse | 1:1000 | Martin, R.A., et al. 2023. The Pathophysiology of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An alternative mechanism for skeletal muscle dysfunction in long-term post-viral lung disease. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. |
| WB: mouse | 1:1000 | Saroul, N., et al. 2023. Conditioned Media from Head and Neck Cancer Cell Lines and Serum Samples from Head and Neck Cancer Patients Drive Catabolic Pathways in Cultured …. Cancers. |
| WB: mouse | 1:1000 | Raymond‐Pope, C.J., et al. 2023. Restricted physical activity after volumetric muscle loss alters whole‐body and local muscle metabolism. The Journal of Physiology. |
| WB: rat | not listed | Zambelli, V., et al. 2023. Treatment with levosimendan in an experimental model of early ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. Drug Target Insights. |
| WB: rat | 1:1000 | Nogueira-Ferreira, R., et al. 2023. Exercise training impacts skeletal muscle remodelling induced by metabolic syndrome in ZSF1 rats through metabolism regulation. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease. |
| WB: swine | not listed | Rudar, M., et al. 2023. Prematurity blunts protein synthesis in skeletal muscle independently of body weight in neonatal pigs. Pediatric Reasearch. |